VAT Calculator
- Updated
- Formula shown
- Free, no sign-up
Results
$100.00 plus 20% VAT is $120.00, including $20.00 VAT.
| Rate | VAT | Gross |
|---|---|---|
| UK reduced rate (5%) | $5.00 | $105.00 |
| UK zero rate (0%) | $0.00 | $100.00 |
| Austria standard (20%) | $20.00 | $120.00 |
| Belgium standard (21%) | $21.00 | $121.00 |
| Denmark standard (25%) | $25.00 | $125.00 |
| Finland standard (25.5%) | $25.50 | $125.50 |
UK rates from GOV.UK; EU standard rates from the European Commission’s Your Europe table (checked October 2026). Reduced rates apply only to specific goods and services, and rates can change, so confirm with the tax authority before invoicing.
How to use the VAT calculator
- Choose "Add VAT" if you have a price before VAT, or "Remove VAT" if the price already includes it.
- Enter the amount and pick a rate from the list, or choose "Other rate" and type it.
- Read the net, VAT and gross amounts. The table shows the same amount at the other listed rates.
VAT formulas
Gross = net × (1 + rate ÷ 100)
Net = gross ÷ (1 + rate ÷ 100)
VAT in a gross price = gross × rate ÷ (100 + rate)
VAT is charged on the net price, so to remove it you divide by 1 plus the rate. That is why the VAT inside a 20% VAT-inclusive price is one sixth of it (20 ÷ 120), not 20%. At the 5% reduced rate, the VAT is one twenty-first of the gross price.
Worked examples
- Adding 20% VAT: a £100.00 net price plus £20.00 VAT is £120.00 gross.
- Removing 20% VAT: a £60.00 VAT-inclusive price is £60.00 ÷ 1.2 = £50.00 net, with £10.00 of VAT. Taking 20% off instead gives £48.00, which understates the net price by £2.00.
- Reduced rate: a £21.00 bill at the 5% rate contains £1.00 of VAT on a £20.00 net amount.
- Germany at 19%: a €119.00 gross price is €100.00 net plus €19.00 VAT.
VAT rates in this calculator
The share of a VAT-inclusive price that is VAT, and the multiplier to go from net to gross. UK rates are from GOV.UK; EU figures are each country's standard rate from the European Commission. Reduced and super-reduced rates for particular goods are not listed.
| Rate | Net to gross: multiply by | VAT share of gross price |
|---|---|---|
| UK standard rate (20%) | 1.2 | 16.67% |
| UK reduced rate (5%) | 1.05 | 4.76% |
| UK zero rate (0%) | 1 | 0% |
| Austria standard (20%) | 1.2 | 16.67% |
| Belgium standard (21%) | 1.21 | 17.36% |
| Denmark standard (25%) | 1.25 | 20% |
| Finland standard (25.5%) | 1.255 | 20.32% |
| France standard (20%) | 1.2 | 16.67% |
| Germany standard (19%) | 1.19 | 15.97% |
| Hungary standard (27%) | 1.27 | 21.26% |
| Ireland standard (23%) | 1.23 | 18.7% |
| Italy standard (22%) | 1.22 | 18.03% |
| Luxembourg standard (17%) | 1.17 | 14.53% |
| Netherlands standard (21%) | 1.21 | 17.36% |
| Poland standard (23%) | 1.23 | 18.7% |
| Portugal standard (23%) | 1.23 | 18.7% |
| Spain standard (21%) | 1.21 | 17.36% |
| Sweden standard (25%) | 1.25 | 20% |
Tips for VAT calculations
- Know which price you have. Consumer prices in the UK and EU normally include VAT; business price lists and quotes are often shown net.
- Zero-rated is not exempt. Zero-rated goods are taxable at 0%, so a VAT-registered seller can still reclaim VAT on costs. Exempt supplies are outside VAT altogether.
- Rounding. VAT is rounded to the penny or cent, either line by line or on the invoice total, which can move the figure by a cent. Follow your tax authority's rounding rules and apply them consistently.
- Rates change. Several EU countries changed their standard rate in recent years. Check the official rate for the date of the sale.
- US sales tax works differently. It is added at the till, not included in the price. See the sales tax calculator.
Pricing for a target profit? Work out the net price with the margin calculator first, then add VAT. For promotions, the discount calculator applies the discount before tax.
Sources: GOV.UK: VAT rates; European Commission (Your Europe): VAT rules and rates (rates checked October 2026).
Frequently asked questions
How do I add 20% VAT to a price?
Multiply the net price by 1.2. A £100 net price becomes £120, of which £20 is VAT.
How do I remove VAT from a price?
Divide the VAT-inclusive price by 1 plus the rate. At 20%, £60 ÷ 1.2 = £50 net and £10 VAT. Taking 20% off £60 gives £48, which is wrong, because the VAT was charged on the lower net price.
What are the UK VAT rates?
According to GOV.UK, the standard rate is 20% for most goods and services, the reduced rate is 5% for some items such as home energy and children’s car seats, and the zero rate (0%) covers items such as most food and children’s clothes.
What fraction of a VAT-inclusive price is VAT?
It is rate ÷ (100 + rate). At 20% that is 20 ÷ 120, one sixth of the gross price; at 5% it is 5 ÷ 105, one twenty-first; at Germany’s 19% standard rate it is about 15.97%.
What is the standard VAT rate in EU countries?
Each member state sets its own, with an EU minimum of 15%. In the European Commission’s table, Germany is 19%, France and Austria 20%, Spain and the Netherlands 21%, Italy 22%, Ireland 23% and Hungary 27%, the highest.